A Doll’s House and the Macaroon

Gloria Nguyen Period 5 2010 February 24 A significant symbol in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen are the macaroons that show up several times within the course of the play because it shows that Nora is not truthful to Torvald and that their household is tangled up in a web of deceit. â€Å"She slips the bag of macaroons in her pocket and wipes her mouth†¦ †. Nora knows that Torvald dislikes her spending money on guilty pleasures like macaroons so she tries to hide them, just as she tries to hide the truth of her bond and debts. The macaroons also show that Nora is uncomfortable with all of the rules and regulations Torvald has set up and that she has her own will and mind set. When Torvald asks her if she had any macaroons, she immediately responded with â€Å"No, Torvald, really; I promise you. It shows that she may have a different set of morals than Torvald and that she is not at all comfortable in her living situation and Torvald is not one of her confidants like Dr. Rank and Mrs. Linde. The macaroons show that Nora is not the perfect doll that Torvald tried to mold her into. The macaroons function in the text was to show that although that some families and lives seem picture perfect, most of the time it is not true, as proven by Nora’s need to hide the bond and macaroons from Torvald. The macaroons could also represent Nora’s want to be independent and free, that she wants to rebel and be someone of her own making as opposed to being Torvald’s little â€Å"songbird†, â€Å"squirrel† and â€Å"capricious Capri†. Ibsen’s use of symbolism in using such a minor pleasure impacts the story in a huge way by subtly showing the reader that Nora’s lifestyle is not as truthful and happy as it seems and that something as small as an innocent white lie about macaroons can set the precedent of lies that are to come.

Example of a Consent Form

Research Consent Form Brigham and Women’s Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Massachusetts General Hospital Version III. a August 1998 Pi_dist9. doc Imprint Patient ID Number Protocol Title: Developmental Anatomy Genome Project (DGAP) Principal/Overall Investigator: Cynthia C. Morton, Ph. D. Site-Responsible Investigator(s)/Institution: James Gusella, Ph. D. /MGH Co-Investigator(s)/Study Staff: Drs. B Quade, A Ligon, R Maas, A Michelson, J Gusella, M MacDonald, E Lemyre, J Lewis Description of Subject Population: Patients with congenital anomalies PURPOSEWe would like permission to enroll you as a participant in a research study. The purpose of this research is to identify and study genes involved in human development. You have been asked to participate in this research study because you (or your child) have (or has) one or more developmental abnormalities and chromosomal abnormalities that have been present since birth. Such chromosomal abnormalities may disrupt the functi on of genes required for normal growth and development. By identifying these genes in people with specific birth defects, we hope to reach a greater understanding of how the human body grows and develops.STUDY CONTACTS This study is being organized by Dr. Cynthia C. Morton, who can be reached at 617-732-7980 with any questions you may have during the course of this study. If you enrolled at the MGH, please contact Dr. James Gusella at 617-726-5724. PROCEDURES If you agree to participate, you will donate a blood sample. The amount of blood drawn will vary with age (less than 2 years old: about 1 tablespoon; ages 2-10 years: about 2 tablespoons; ages 11 years and up: about 2-4 tablespoons) and may be reduced for smaller individuals.In general, after you have donated blood, cells or tissue samples no additional hospitalization or clinic visits will be required for you to participate in this study. Any of the samples you donate will be used to establish an immortal cell line. This means that an inexhaustible supply of DNA will be available for genetic research. DNA is the genetic material from which genes are made. These samples may be stored/banked for future use and/or shared with other investigators associated with this study. These stored or distributed samples will NOT be labeled with your name.Do you agree to this (please circle one choice): Page 1 of 5 Subject Population: Patients with congenital anomalies IRB Protocol Number: 1999P-003090 98-09233 Sponsor Protocol Number: N/A Consent Form Approval Date: DECEMBER 9, 1999 Amendment Number Approved: N/A IRB Expiration Date: Amendment Approval Date: N/A NOVEMBER 22, 2000 Research Consent Form Brigham and Women’s Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Massachusetts General Hospital Version III. a August 1998 Pi_dist9. doc Imprint Patient ID Number YES NO You may be contacted in the future and asked for additional samples to continue research.If you do not wish to be contacted in the future, you may indica te this below: YES, okay to contact NO, do not contact As mentioned above, samples that are sent to the research laboratory will be assigned a code number. The key to this code will be maintained in locked files by Dr. Cynthia Morton, and your (or your child's) identity will not be revealed to anybody other than your referring physician. Important non-identifying information such as sex, age, and nature of your developmental abnormality will be transmitted to the research laboratory in order to correlate study results with specific developmental problems.The information obtained from this study of your donated blood or tissue is not known to be useful clinically or diagnostically at this time. The research is currently useful only as a means of understanding genes and developmental abnormalities. Results from these genetic studies will NOT be placed in your (or your child's) medical record. We will not communicate these results directly to you; study results will be released to your referring physician. COSTS No charges will be billed to your insurance company or to you for this study. You should be sure that no charges for the blood draw are to be filed with your insurance company.If the person who draws your blood intends to bill you, you should pay for this yourself and send a copy of the bill to the investigator who will reimburse you. RISKS AND DISCOMFORTS There are minor risks and discomforts associated with blood sampling. This includes a brief amount of pain and possibly a small bruise at the needle site. Occasionally a person feels faint when his/her blood is drawn. Rarely an infection develops, but if this occurs the infection can be treated. Disclosure of Study Results Information about your participation in a genetic study may influence insurance and/or employers regarding your health status.We will use many safeguards to prevent unintentional disclosure: I) information about your participation in, and the results of, this research will NOT be plac ed in your medical records, II) research data (including data collected from medical charts) will be entered only into a research database. No names will be entered into this database, only the codes assigned to submitted samples. Other investigators will NOT be given a key to this code, and III) NO results from this study will be released to anyone other than your referring physician.You can also minimize these risks by not sharing with others the fact that you have participated in genetic studies. Page 2 of 5 Subject Population: Patients with congenital anomalies IRB Protocol Number: 1999P-003090 98-09233 Sponsor Protocol Number: N/A Consent Form Approval Date: DECEMBER 9, 1999 Amendment Number Approved: N/A IRB Expiration Date: Amendment Approval Date: N/A NOVEMBER 22, 2000 Research Consent Form Brigham and Women’s Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Massachusetts General Hospital Version III. a August 1998 Pi_dist9. doc Imprint Patient ID NumberThese studies are for res earch purposes only. Therefore, NO study results will be communicated to you at any time. However, in the event that this research study uncovers information that we feel MAY impact your healthcare (either positively or negatively), we will convey this information to your physician. After the potential significance of such results has been explained to you by your physician, you will be offered an opportunity to obtain independent diagnostic confirmation of this research finding in a laboratory which specializes in this type of clinical testing.This diagnostic testing will ONLY take place IF you provide additional consent for it. Only the result of the confirmatory test would be entered into your medical record by the diagnostic laboratory or your physician. BENEFITS At this time, we know of no direct benefit to you (or your child) as a result of participation in this research study. Participation is completely voluntary and your alternative is to not participate. Other individuals may benefit in the future if these studies provide useful information about identifying or treating developmental abnormalities.ALTERNATIVES You are free to participate or not to participate in this study. If you choose not to participate, your medical care and treatment will NOT be affected. Page 3 of 5 Subject Population: Patients with congenital anomalies IRB Protocol Number: 1999P-003090 98-09233 Sponsor Protocol Number: N/A Consent Form Approval Date: DECEMBER 9, 1999 Amendment Number Approved: N/A IRB Expiration Date: Amendment Approval Date: N/A NOVEMBER 22, 2000 Research Consent Form Brigham and Women’s Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Massachusetts General HospitalVersion III. a August 1998 Pi_dist9. doc Imprint Patient ID Number THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS CONTAIN STANDARD INFORMATION WHICH GENERALLY APPLIES TO PERSONS INVOLVED IN A RESEARCH STUDY AND ARE REQUIRED ON ALL CONSENT FORMS. CONFIDENTIALITY Medical information produced by this study will become part of your hospital medical record, unless specifically stated otherwise in this consent form. Information that does not become part of your medical record will be stored in the investigator’s file and identified by a code number only.The code key connecting your name to specific information about you will be kept in a separate, secure location. Your medical record is available to health care professionals at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), or Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), collectively called the â€Å"Hospitals†, and may be reviewed by appropriate Hospital staff members in the course of carrying out their duties; however, they are required to maintain confidentiality in accordance with applicable laws and the policies of the Hospitals.Information contained in your records may not be given to anyone unaffiliated with the Hospitals in a form that could identify you without your written consent, except as described in thi s consent form or as required by law. It is possible that your medical and research record, including sensitive information and/or identifying information, may be inspected and/or copied by the study sponsor (and/or its agent), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), federal or state government agencies, or hospital accrediting agencies, in the course of carrying out their duties.If your record is inspected or copied by the study sponsor (and/or its agents), or by any of these agencies, the Hospitals will use reasonable efforts to protect your privacy and the confidentiality of your medical information. The results of this study may be published in a medical book or journal or used for teaching purposes. However, your name or other identifiers will not be used in any publication or teaching materials without your specific permission. In addition, if photographs, audiotapes or videotapes were taken during the study that could identify you, then you must give special written permissio n for their use.In that case, you will be given the opportunity to view or listen, as applicable, to the photographs, audiotapes or videotapes before you give your permission for their use if you so request. REQUEST FOR MORE INFORMATION You may ask more questions about the study at any time. The investigator(s) will provide their telephone number so that they are available to answer your questions or concerns about the study. You will be informed of any significant new findings discovered during the course of this study that might influence your continued participation.If during the study or later, you wish to discuss your rights as a research subject, your participation in the study and/or concerns about the study, a research-related injury with someone not directly involved in the study, or if you feel under any pressure to enroll in this study or to continue to participate in this study, you are asked to contact a representative of the Human Research Committees at BWH (617) 732-7 200, at MGH (617) 726-3493, or at the Protocol Administration Office at DFCI (617) 632-3029. A copy of this consent form will be given to you to keep. Page 4 of 5 Subject Population: Patients with congenital anomaliesIRB Protocol Number: 1999P-003090 98-09233 Sponsor Protocol Number: N/A Consent Form Approval Date: DECEMBER 9, 1999 Amendment Number Approved: N/A IRB Expiration Date: Amendment Approval Date: N/A NOVEMBER 22, 2000 Research Consent Form Brigham and Women’s Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Massachusetts General Hospital Version III. a August 1998 Pi_dist9. doc Imprint Patient ID Number REFUSAL OR WITHDRAWAL OF PARTICIPATION Participation in this study is voluntary. You do not have to participate in this study. Your present or future care will not be affected should you choose not to participate.If you decide to participate, you can change your mind and drop out of the study at any time without affecting your present or future care in the Hospitals. In additi on, the doctor in charge of this study may decide to end your participation in this study at any time after he/she has explained the reasons for doing so and has helped arrange for your continued care by your own doctor, if needed. INJURY STATEMENT If you are injured during the course of the study and as a direct result of this study, you should contact the investigator at the number provided.You will be offered the necessary care to treat that injury. This care does not imply any fault or wrong-doing on the part of the Hospitals or the doctor(s) involved. Where applicable, the Hospitals reserve the right to bill third party payers for services you receive for the injury. The Hospitals will not provide you with any additional compensation for such injuries. SIGNATURE I confirm that the purpose of the research, the study procedures and the possible risks and discomforts as well as potential benefits that I may experience have been explained to me.Alternatives to my participation in t he study also have been discussed. All my questions have been answered. I have read this consent form. My signature below indicates my willingness to participate in this study. Subject/Patient Date Witness/Advocate/Minor/Legal Guardian (if required) Date Additional Signature (if required)(identify relationship to subject) Date I have explained the purpose of the research, the study procedures, identifying those that are investigational, the possible risks and discomforts as well as potential benefits and have answered any questions regarding the study to the best of my ability.Study Representative Date Investigator Complete This Information At Enrollment for HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY PROTOCOLS ONLY (A copy of this form should be faxed to the QCC and to the appropriate Medical Records) Primary Care Physician’s Name: Date protocol treatment begins for this subject: Diagnosis: Page 5 of 5 Subject Population: Patients with congenital anomalies IRB Protocol Number: 1999P-003090 98-09233 Sponsor Protocol Number: N/A Consent Form Approval Date: DECEMBER 9, 1999 Amendment Number Approved: N/A IRB Expiration Date: Amendment Approval Date: N/A NOVEMBER 22, 2000

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Management - Essay Example The Multinational companies are those which have more than one branch in different foreign countries. A global company is a kind of company which has no boundary, for a global company there is more than one head office in different foreign countries and there is no boundary in appointing the board of directions also (Lou, 1999). The difference between the global company and the multinational company is that the global companies don’t differentiate between the home country and host country employees. It is evident that though many international companies claim themselves as multinational companies but from their R & D, know-how, and technicalities they keep the host country aside. Here, it is important to note that, host country is the country in which the organization wants to do business and the home country is said to be the country in which the organization has its base that is the origin. A company is said to be a global company when the country would have similar amount o f representatives present in their board of directors from the home country as well as from the host country Recommendation: The recommendations depend on the nature of the company. If a company has sufficient amount of production so that it can export it in the international market then off course it is recommended for going outside of the country. For example, a dairy company can easily sell the oversupply of cheese and milk to the outside country. If a country has key competence in any of the field then the company can move to the international market to capture the international market. When the firm sufficiently produces surplus products it can go for international market. There are many other reasons for going international of firms. Justification: The move of a company for going international depends on the company’s strength on some parameters. There are mainly three reasons present for the justification of a company’s move towards international market. One is the increased of market share, possibility of increasing economies of scale and scope or learning, gaining competitive advantage, branding of the company (Lou, 1999). Increasing the market share is very important reason to go in the international market. Creating brand awareness among the customers is required to enhance the brand position. Global brand itself is a positioning of any company. If a company is positioned itself as a global brand then it can automatically create popularity and loyalty among the customers. Implementation: The organization should execute both primary and secondary market research for new foreign market to determine the market demand. Recommendation: Establishing franchisee is also a kind of international business strategy. For example, KFC has established its franchise system in different countries even in the third world nations by adopting the culture of the developing countries. Justification: Franchisee would be effective global expansion strategy. T he organization can capitalize on the international business opportunities through the seer knowledge of the franchisee owners about the market demand and several key cultural factors. Implementation: The organization should consider favorable location and footfall regarding the establishment of franchisee. A transparent agreement with the owners will help the organization to perform effective business performances. Recommendation:

Web activity 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Web activity 2 - Research Paper Example The value proposed by these scientists is higher than VAP measure because the VAP measure does not account for increased number of immigrants along with convicted felons while calculating the total population that can vote in presidential elections. This is why the VEP has been able to calculate a higher rate of turn around as compared to the VAP. While calculating the figures of voting population one should use the VEP measure because it takes into consideration the demographics of the population that is technically eligible to vote. The population that passes the eligibility test is the ones who are registered to vote. It eliminates those who can not register or vote which includes those who are non citizens and those who are considered as felons (United States Elections Project 2008). VEP is more appropriate than VAP because the registration has become easier than before; new programs such as mail services have been used by the US to register voters. Due to introduction of technology in voting registration, the numbers have increased and should be clearly taken into account. The total turnaround rate of US is higher than the total turnaround rate of Texas even though several new ways of voting have been used such as the mailing and online registration system. This is due to several reasons which mainly include socio and economical reasons. One of the main reasons is that the education and literacy rate of Texas is quite low and a huge number of the population is below the eligibility age. Secondly due to lower literacy rate, the population of Texas has failed to use the advance ways of registering and voting. The total population of Texas is heavily covered by minorities who do not get a chance to vote or fear

Vladimir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vladimir - Essay Example he conflict took the ugly turn of vandalism – an act committed in secrecy since the concerned person could not directly confront Vladimir, but he left enough indications of his ire in the message that was scrawled on Vladimir’s car. The easy way to resolve the crisis can be to dismiss the vandal and hand him over to the police together with the evidence, but such an approach would in no way improve the interpersonal relations within the team. On the other hand, it might exasperate the already tense atmosphere since the opposing camps feel justified in the ugly event and the resultant punishment. The conflict would linger and lead to repetition in due course, because no attempt is being made to rectify behavioral patterns. A better way to deal with the crisis is to address the root cause of the problem and iron out differences through counseling. This would be a learning or retraining process in the context of team work and common goals of an organization. According to Thompson, â€Å"Many conflicts in teams emerge because people feel misunderstood or ignored† (Thompson, as quoted in Halverson and Tirmizi, 2008, p.214). By bringing into open the behavioral aspects of the warring factions, a possibility ca n be created whereby misunderstandings can be reduced. In the proposed counseling session, the rough edges of Vladimir’s behavior would be exposed to sensitize him to the feelings of his teammates. In a similar manner, instances of Vladimir’s failed attempts to cope with his lesser-endowed colleagues would also be recounted to demonstrate that as a person Vladimir is not averse to correct himself and his behavior. The consequences of handing over the surveillance tapes to the police, dismissal and prosecution will be brought forth strongly to deter repetition of such behavior. Simultaneously, the counseling process would be demonstrated as the management’s goodwill gesture for the first time offence, provided both parties realize their shortcomings and

FMRI Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FMRI Management - Coursework Example There are many products provided by banks and other financial intermediaries to the customers for long-term motives. Some of the prominent provisions of services include term deposit and comparable accounts, which allows consumers to make very safe and appealing investment (Padmalatha 2011). It is because a defined period of money drawl is beneficial as it returns back higher rate and it is a low risk investment compared to demand deposit. Financial intermediaries give consumers an opportunity to utilize bonds and quoted shares as currency to start up a small business (Padmalatha 2011). In addition, banks also facilitated their customers with the opportunity of invested funds through fair means under the supervision of concerned authoritative bodies. Skilled and efficient managers are responsible for the security of invested fund to ensure banks as most trustworthy organizations for the consumers.Life insurance is another important policy of financial intermediaries to serve people o f the society. It is a long-term service, specifically an important financial security for family (Padmalatha 2011). It can aid a family during crucial stages of life, such as marriage, health care, or education of children. It is a vital tool of protecting family and children in financial terms. A pension policy is another very significant service for the citizens (Padmalatha 2011). It is considered a complementary plan for the public provided by employers of the organization to their employees after retirement or death. This policy allows family of an employee to receive a fix amount from the salary, through the whole life on a monthly basis. These are some of the most advantageous long-term services, provided by retail banks or non-bank financial intermediaries (Padmalatha 2011). Implications of Increased Interest Rates: Increase in interest rate pulls down inflation. However, more than investors get benefit with the increased interest rates. It is so because an increase in inter est rate also increases the worth of loan. Ultimately, the worth of pension and bond fund increases. It provides an outstanding benefit to those who depends upon pension and other funds for their monthly income (Cummings 2010). This condition attracts more people towards saving funds rather than spending their money, because everyone is well aware of the facts, which can bring gain to them. Thus, during the season of higher interest rate, rate of individuals` investment increases in the banks. Moreover, in this situation risk premium is also provided, which usually gets flatten during low interest rates (Cummings 2010). In addition, not only citizens, but foreigners also tend to show their interest in investment in the state, where interest rate increases and benefits investors with high rate of returned amount. Furthermore, it has been observed that it results in stronger currency and puts higher demands of currency (Cummings 2010). As a result, countries take advantage from curren cies of other states and citizens enjoy lower rate of good and products of daily use such as petrol and other food items. Additionally, in this season governmental bodies of the country buy back bond on low cost (Cummings 2010). In short, it could be said that investors look for more advantages than disadvantages of the season because it is beneficial for saving money, but not for investments. Risk to Commercial Banks: Commercial banks gain a return towards shareholder only when the organizers successfully

Soccer Game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soccer Game - Essay Example The home team started dominating the match, Ronaldo showed glimpses of his ability. The opening goal was scored by Ronaldo, it was a great goal, Osasuna did not come to the Santiago Bernabeu to surrender, it took them only a few minutes to restore parity and it was game-on. Real Madrid did not take the foot off the gas this time as they kept pushing hard for another goal, it came soon after Osasuna pulled one back. This time it was Pepe who scored for Real Madrid. There was a lot of chaos in the box but Pepe’s awareness helped the team and they led 2-1. Real Madrid went 3-1 up before half-time when Higuain scored a fantastic goal, the strike curled away from the keeper and hit the back of the net. The keeper just could not do anything about it. The referee consulted his lines-man in the second-half when Mesut Ozil was brought down in the box in the second-half, it was an easy decision. A penalty was awarded and Ronaldo scored with complete ease from the spot. Madrid led 4-1 an d they were cruising. Ronaldo scored again in the next few minutes, it was his hat-trick and it was a fine hat-trick. Madrid led 5-1 at this point and they completely dominated the game and it was a very well-deserved lead. Karim Benzema came on in the second-half and scored two brilliant goals to give Real Madrid a resounding lead of 7-1, the away team was completely outplayed, they just could not stop the Real Madrid players from running riot. Angel Di Maria who plays as a winger for Real Madrid pulled his hamstring muscle and is surely going to out for several months; this was perhaps the only downside for the home team who won very comfortably to say the least. Ronaldo’s attitude has always been questioned but his fine hat-trick should silence the critics at least for the time being if not for an extended period. The involvement of the referee should also be analyzed; the referee had a great outing. He did not make any unreasonable calls and he consulted his lines-man whe never he was in doubt, a fair bit of communication took place between the referee and his subordinates. The following part of the paper would shed more light upon the very same. Interpersonal Communication The referee had a look at his lines-man who started flagging after Mesut Ozil was brought down in the box, when the lines-man flags, it means a foul has taken place; the referee has the power to overrule the lines-man but on this occasion both were reading from the same page and a penalty was awarded to Real Madrid. On many occasions the fans gets to see the referee overruling the lines-man but there are other occasions when something which the referee fails to spot gets spotted by the mines-men and this is how the game becomes better and more entertaining. Many a time players tuck each other’s jerseys’ and the referee may not see it because he may not be in the right position to see it, this is when the lines-men earn their bread and butter. Communication between th e referees and the lines-men has become so much better these days. The lines-men need not try and catch the attention of the referees, they are well connected on the pitch, they have microphones attached to their ears and every word spoken by the referee can be heard by the lines-men and every word spoken by the lines-men can be heard by the referee. Even the fourth official has the same device attached to his ears and the referee tell the fourth offici

How Can Christianity Establish its Place in a Chinese Culture Research Paper

How Can Christianity Establish its Place in a Chinese Culture - Research Paper Example The Christian groups consisted of Protestants known as Ji du jiao and Catholics who were better known as Tian Zhu jiao of Lord of Heavenly Religion and a small number of Orthodox Christians (Tony 1994). China is a country dominated by ancient religious groups and beliefs like Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. Christianity has had a rough journey to reach the position it is today. It has had problems like the persecution of leaders and followers, harassment, physical and mental abuse. Christianity in China has been growing significantly since the loosening of restrictions on religion in 1970 within the republic. However, many religious practices are still controlled by the authorities. Christianity had been in China from the 7th century AD but it later disappeared for many years and then it was re-introduced. The Persian missionary who came to China during the Tang Dynasty were the first Christians to settle in China. Their Christianity which was referred to as Nestorian thrived for many years until the emperor then, implemented anti-religious measures in 845 AD. As a result of the measures, all foreign religions and traditions including Christianity were kicked out of China (Arnold 1889). During the 13th century, under the reign of Yuan dynasty, Christianity was re-introduced but it did not last for long as the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty in the 14th century leading to the expulsion of Christianity again. Later in the 16th century, after Jesuits arrived in Beijing, they introduced western learning and Christianity began to sink deep into the people of China. Although it had grown, it remained a minority group in China. Missionaries started flocking to China and brought in westernization. Christianity had a great deal of influence on the people of China and its teaching started to influence the Chinese people (Yeo 1998).  Ã‚  

Exxon Valdez †Continuing Case Essay Example for Free

Exxon Valdez – Continuing Case Essay Many years ago, Raymond Baumhart the greatest sociologist questioned organization people, What does ethics mean to the business world? Some people believe that Ethics is a kind of feeling which would give the knowledge about right or wrong situation on the basis of religious beliefs. While other argues the prior view admitting that it simply the level of behaviour society accepts and the law requires. â€Å"Ethics is a study of moral standards whose explicit purpose is to determine as far as possible whether a given moral standard is more or less correct (Manuel G. Velasquez, 2006)† Standpoint March 24, 1989, one of the Exxon Valdez, a loaded oil tanker with 52 million gallons crude oil runs in Prince William Sound, spilling 11 million gallons of oil. The government was strongly feeling about the environmental damage, to the fishery and the life of people involved there. Output That was bad luck for the wildlife, approximately 30,000 birds and 2000 sea others lost their lives. More than $2 billion spent just to clean it up and paid millions of dollar to the fishermen. Ethically, Exxon lost image in the world and about 40,000 credit cards destroyed in protest. Ethical Issues It was truly horrific, the longer that marine animal is setting in oil the more they were dealing with death. Consumers lost their faith in Exxon and faced opposition from the world. The affected area has not fully recovered. The control over the ethical situation This was the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced. After a week, CEO Lawrence Rawls wrote apology note in all newspapers. In addition they began cleanup immediately after the situation occurred. Many of the ethical issues and dilemmas in international business are rooted in the fact that political systems and laws differ from nation to nation. In the international business setting, the most common ethical issue involve employment practices and corruption. According to the given case of Castle Cook, â€Å"whistle-blower† would be able to file the lawsuit in a federal court. The plaintiffs alleged claims under the violation of the â€Å"Foreign Corrupt Practices Act† The jurisdiction in this case can enable the person thus empowered to act towards, and in what manner this power may be exercised. In Subject matter jurisdiction thus empowers â€Å"whistle-blower† to act toward certain kinds of legal questions, whereas in Personal jurisdiction, the foreign country employee lives out of state, the court must look at the contacts with the state. Going into a state regularly to conduct business is usually sufficient for the court to obtain jurisdiction. (The Le ctric Law Library,2014) References The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2014, from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml The Lectric Law Librarys Lexicon Personal Jurisdiction, Retrieved September 4, 2014, from (http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/p211.htm) http://crab.rutgers.edu/~sambhary/International%20Bussiness%20Environment/notes/IBe%20Ch%2004%20Ethics.pdf In 1989, the Exxon Valdez tanker spilled nearly 11 million gallons of oil around the cost of Alaska; it caused one of the worst oil spills in the United States history. The Exxon Valdez continues to suffer from last 25 years and still paying off for the incident. The Exxon was to be sued by many individuals and businesses within state or federal court as required, as per the administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, for the Environmental regulations law comes under both state and federal court. Some company sued under the law of business losses within the federal court. Sea Hawk Sea foods, Inc, having a seafood processing business on Prince William Sound in Valdez, Alaska sued the Exxon shipping company under the law of business losses. The court dismissed the case with the advice of federal admiralty  law (9th Cir.1994). Fishing industry filed the complaint again Exxon. In 1994, the Exxon was initially ordered to pay $5 billion by federal court, which was reduced in federal appeal in 2006 to $2.5 billion. In 2008, The United States Supreme court had decided to cut down the damage by $500 million as Exxon has already spent approximately $2 billion for cleanup and recovery (New York Times, 2010). The Exxon shipping co continues with the lesson, even after paying all these damages and standing for a long time in the federal and Supreme Court of the United States. References The district court also removed more than 160 other state law cases relating to the oil spillEyak Native Vill. v. Exxon Corp., 25 F.3d 773, 774 (9th Cir.1994) Retrieved September 5, 2014, from (http://openjurist.org/484/f3d/1098/in-re-the-exxon-valdez) New York Times, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989), August 3, 2010 07-219Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker (2/27/08), Retrieved September 5, 2014, from (http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/07-219.pdf)

The Chrysalids Essay Example for Free

The Chrysalids Essay Despite what many might think, It is a clear fact that The Chrysalids has been written, read and acknowledged as a warning for today’s society in many ways as I will elaborate more within the following paragraph such as; different types of racism still in our society, we still have this fear that god might be sending us a message through actions like disasters and This book is well known across hundreds of nations all over the world. Chrysalid has been around for several centuries and has a very important meaning in the lives of many. It would be safe to assume that this specific piece of Wyndham’s work is going to be around for a long time and have an enormous impact on the lives of many people. If a person or community fears change and diversity in my opinion they are refraining themselves from a better tomorrow, instead of creating a convergence to create and work towards a better future. In the chrysalids the Waknukian community is inhumane to any deviation by showing inflecting rejection and degradation, in simple terms the waknukians are racist. In the Chrysalids, by john Wyndham, the people of the frontier community are those who discriminate against those who are different in any way both physically and mentally, this act of discrimination has done nothing but foster and nurture a society that is cruel and inhumane. They think anything different is blaspheme, which is sent by the devil to misguide them into another tribulation. I think even people in today’s society still act in this way, maybe not to this extreme or obviousness but to an extent. For example, when someone is overlooked for a job because of the color of their skin, nationality or their appearance, it might not evident or they might not be straight forward

Strategic development of UK retailer Marks and Spencer

Strategic development of UK retailer Marks and Spencer Marks Spencer are one of the UKs largest retailers, with over 21 million people visiting M S stores every week. M S offer stylish, high quality, great value clothing and home products and also excellent quality foods, responsibly sourced from around 2,000 suppliers worldwide. M S employ more than 75,000 people in the UK and outside the UK and have over 700 UK stores, plus and growing international business. M S are the ideal provider of women wear and lingerie in the UK, and are also rapidly raising market share in menswear, kids wear and home, due in part to MS growing online business. Overall, M S clothing and home ware sales account for 49% of our business. The other 51% of M S business is in food, where M S retail everything from fresh produce and groceries, to partly-prepared meals and ready meals. M S also recognized for their green identification as a result of their five-year eco plan, Plan A, which will see M S, with other things, become carbon neutral and also sending no waste to landfill by 2012. Companys Brief History With more than 120 years of heritage, Marks Spencer is one of the well recognized British retailers. The M S has more than 500 stores within the UK and has more than 75,000 employers across the UK. M S also operates in the International Market, where it has a developing business in some places as far as Hong Kong. In recent years, the UKs retailing industry has been characterised by forceful competition. Consumers are more conscious of where and how they feel like to shop. They also know what kind of shopping understanding they require. This has made it much more complicated for retailers to carry on. Corporate Strategic Development History The original firm was a chain of PENNY BAZAARS, founded by Thomas Spencer and Michael Marks. It became a household name thanks to the efforts of Simon Marks and his friend Israel Seiff. M S has branches in approximately 28 countries all over the world. They mostly exist in British Societies and Eastern Europe but this effort to get bigger into Western Europe and in the United States go failed because of their high prices and also of their basic British Vision of the company. M S also was particularly unsuccessful in France and even they were forced to close their stores in France because of the legislation which the French Government set in place to protect their labour force. In 1960s Marks and Spencer opened first store in Central Asia in Kabul, Afghanistan. This store was closed after some time because atmosphere of the city turned usual. In the middle of 1990s MS first ever TV commercial of clothing were broadcast. In 20th Century MS became well reputed in market, when they make a policy of selling only British made goods, mostly focusing on quality than the price to encourage tradition. Introduction of their new clothing range in 2001 named Per Una designed by George Davies accompanied by a reshaping of their underlying business model their profits increased very sharply and MS improved a lot of its market share. Also change in their traditional policies including accepting credit card transactions and opening MS stores on Sundays put stars on their reputation in market. Group Structure Financial Performance Grassroots organisations seem to work well with in a flat structure organisation as freely as likely of Board of Directors and Management. Flat Structure does not mean the elimination of individual responsibilities; even flatness means the end of people with dominant authority over other individuals job. National people groups must avoid the ordinary mistake of including small numbers of people heavily. They should try hard to engage large numbers of individuals lightly. Flat organisations, which highlight parallel connections, seem to be the best thing for linking large numbers of individuals lightly. Regular Based Meetings A circular Dividing everyday Jobs and responsibilities Staff Training Staff Members Gathering A forecast Processing Working interaction with power players and resource companies. Power players are people with the capability or skills to make job done: politicians, owners of key businesses, media, government departments, heads of organization, landlords. The groups performance of the team members for they year 2009 ended at March 31 was very unsatisfactory. The return on equity percentage and the income per share were nil as the organisation revenue was only  £1.3m in this year. The dividend cover was also nil because of the same cause. The company paid all its revenue to the shareholders because the dividend cover was very low last year. Because of this, company had to cut-down the dividend approximately from 12.4p to 8.0p. Company planned for the same dividend even though the company had about zero profit. The set reports outcome of three operational divisions: UK Retail Distribution International Retail Market Financial Resource Division UK Retail Distribution The UK Retail distribution, the biggest of the operating distributions, is itself sub-division into seven business units, each indicating a defined quarter of merchandise: Womens Wear, Mens Wear, Childrens Wear Lingerie, Beauty, Home, Foods. The First Six business units such as Womens, Mens and Childrens Wear, Lingerie, Beauty and Home are known as General and footage is in between these six units depending on demand and seasonal factors. The liberty is located due to the biggest single business unit that is Food and is relatively unbendable. Final Financial report in the UK retail defines a drop down in Sales and Operating Profit. Sales And Operating Profit In The End Of Financial Years Sales Operating profit____  ­Ã‚ ­ 2001 2000 2001 2000  £m  £m  £m  £m Group Total 8085.7 8185.5 468.0 542.0 UK Retail 6300.9 6582.7 364.8 445.1 International Continental Europe 288.0 299.3 (55.0) (40.5) European Franchise Businesses 264.3 264.3 25.6 20.7 Brooks Brothers 445.1 395.5 22.2 8.9 Kings Super Markets 317.1 273.7 21.9 12.1 East 119.1 105.2 7.3 (4.2) International Retail Market The International Market of retail Business mainly consists of three broad geographic areas: Europe excluding UK North America East The International Retail Market results consist of those M S franchise businesses which operated 125 franchise stores in 26 countries. The European International Retail Market can be divided into the following: Continental Europe Republic of Ireland European Franchise Businesses The group running two businesses in North America that are: Brooks Brothers Kings Super Markets In March 2001 Kings Super Markets and Brook Brothers operate in 27 and 221 stores respectively. In the end, in Far East the group deals with in 10 stores in Hong Kong. In this year, approximately every company did good business in this division comparatively to last year, with the exemption of Europes M S stores which increased their losses. Financial Resources Division One of the important Commitments of M S in the integrated planning cycle is The Financial Resources Commitment. This commitment describes a number of Financial Resources Division Initiatives: Integrated Planning Cycle Commitment Improving Management of Resources Implementing Improving our Internal Control Environment Enhance Transparency MS is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. After fostering significant growth in recent years, mid-2008 saw share prices plunge to well under half their value of twelve months before, as MS struggled to cope with more conservative shoppers in the credit crunch. Until 1999 MSs financial year ended on 31 March. Since then, the company has changed to reporting for 52 or 53 week periods, ending on variable dates. Year ended Turnover ( £ M) Profit before tax ( £ M) Net profit ( £ M) Basic esp. (p) 28 March 2009 9,062.1 706.2 506.8 32.3 29 March 2008 9,022.0 1,129.1 821.0 49.2 31 March 2007 8,588.1 936.7 659.9 39.1 1 April 2006 7,797.7 745.7 520.6 36.4 2 April 2005 7,490.5 505.1 355.0 29.1 3 April 2004 8,301.5 781.6 452.3 24.2 29 March 2003 8,019.1 677.5 480.5 20.7 30 March 2002 8,135.4 335.9 153.0 5.4 31 March 2001 8,075.7 145.5 2.8 0.0 1 April 2000 8,195.5 417.5 258.7 9.0 31 March 1999 8,224.0 546.1 372.1 13.0 31 March 1998 8,243.3 1,155.0 815.9 28.6 31 March 1997 7,841.9 1,129.1 746.6 26.7 31 March 1996 7,233.7 965.8 652.6 455.8 Strategy Analysis Collectively, the Board Team Members are responsible for the bright and excellence future of the company. In the course of the Chief Executive, the Board delegate to management on the whole performance of the company through building long-term management potential, setting clear goals of the company and ensuring that the business is supervised in conformity according to business values. Marks Spencer Board Structure: COMPANYS CHAIRMAN Chief Executive Executive Director On-Executive Director On-Executive Director On-Executive Director On-Executive Director Competitive Strategy Environment M S operates in a competitive atmosphere. Its competitors are more customers based and more in tune with the needs and the requirements of the customers. Such as on cloths sector, NEXT Debenhams have exploited the requirement for young people and in food sector Tesco and Sainsbury have expands its ranges of ready cooked meals. In UK there are no exit or entry barriers but the market is mature and therefore there is no bounces for a new company or a company from abroadto come and compete in these markets. In contrast M S experienced Exit barriers when under the France law they were not permitted to close their France Stores and make their employees redundant with just a weeks notice. (Ralph, 1996; anon, 2004) New Group Strategy and Structure Subsequently a wide-ranging and comprehensive strategic review of its business, the Board of M S practiced significant changes to the Group strategy and structure in March, 2001. The main basics of this new plan are: Focus on UK Retail Market M S will sell only own brand products so it can guarantee customers the excellent quality, great value and good services. Main theme of the plan is the delivery of considerable improvements in product availability, product value and product appeal thereby regaining the relationships with core customers of M S. Clothing Recovery Plan M S has plans to rebuild the confidence of its customers in the quality And fit of its clothing. It will sharpen pricing by rebalancing the price structure, expansion in the range of entry-price products and also well communicating this to customers. Expansion Food, Home and Beauty Products MS Foods continues to execute well and has rebuild customers trust for providing good quality and convenience. The business is a platform for future expansion and the Company is considering opportunities to get bigger through new locations and business channels. The Home business is increasing strongly, with home furniture and gifts the best growing product areas. Beauty, although relatively small, is also growing rapidly. These two areas offer promising opportunities for progress and will be expanded. Store Renewal Programme M S will go faster the rollout of the successful elements of its new idea format under a plan to renovate more stores sooner and at lower cost. Closer To The Customer As a company we should be in touch with our customers all the time in order to develop an awareness of what our customers think about the company, how they perceive the company and what they expect from the company. This awareness in turn enables us to constantly strive to meet our customers demands and also secure an organizations long-term survival and profitability In order to be more customers based, some of M S stores in big cities will be opened 24 hours a day. On other hand, 125 stores in the UK will be modernised to create a easy-to-shop environment and more attractive for customers. Corporate-Level Strategy (BCG matrix) BCG Matrix is used to conceive the balance of the portfolio of the businesses in terms of relationship between market share and market growth. It is a company in a market that has slow growth and its market share is continuously shrinking. The industry in which M S operates is mature and market is likely to be stable so it is more difficult to gain market share. Its assumed that M S is a decline phase organisation (Stockport,2000). PESTEL And SWOT Analysis Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL-Analysis) Political Long term decisions are based on stable political surrounding. UK is also a member of European Union, as a result of which the government has to operate to live up to the standards of European Unions structure, hence, ensuring M S a greater scope of economic executions . The open transfer of goods products is another advantage of European Union making the sales operations of M S easier in European counties as there are no barriers to trade to aggravate its sales revenues. Economic British pound is still stronger as compared to the Euro which is why foreign investments for M S are relatively cheaper but expensive for the other foreign organizations willing to initiate in the UK. This is also a reason that several countries are not willing to trade. Social Presently, the population in UK is 61.11 million which after 15 years from today is expected to reach to 65 million. This brings in good news to M S Company as many more customers will be added to its current list, however the population is ageing. (True Knowledge) Secondly there is a dramatic change in the social structure. Medical services progress awareness of living increases life expectancy. Sex educations development increase in the number of professional or working women has led to a decrease in the rate of Birth which are the factors that have been accounting for falling revenues for an experienced company such as M S. Technological New Medias reception an age old internet bring in an evaluated potential opportunity to M S to grow its profits. Some U.S. based organizations are offering online orders where in people can mention their demands preferences which are sent to the production facilities after 2 or 3 working days customers receive their orders. This was simply another example of possibilities by the use of which firms can actually respond to the ever changing preferences in new era. Environmental Products produced by supplier has affect on the atmosphere on how these produce is used and disposed by customers. Merchandisers use a vast range of raw materials to manufacture their products. Because of this, it is critical to handle the usage of these materials with sensitivity and pay proper regard to how they have an effect on natural habitats and bio-diversity. Legal This is related to the legal environment in which firms work. In past years in the UK there have been a lot considerable legal changes that have affected firms behaviour such as M S. SWOT-Analysis Strengths The Brand of M S is an asset to it in terms of Quality, Style Value for money. The reason for its success and excellent reputation is that M S sell only own brand products. M S identify the changes in customer preferences behaviour under extensive market overview as they are one of the largest retailers in the UK. The self production labelling enables M S to frequently adapt to the unpredictable market conditions which in turn also allows it to save time. Time saving Adaptability is really necessary for a firm to succeed in such fast moving market where time plays a key role. Weaknesses The incomplete product range of M S, unfortunately, sometimes affects its regular customers who then happen to purchase from its competitors. An example of that would be that M S doesnt sell sportswear which consequently forces its customers to buy them from those who sell them. This adds to the disadvantage of M S. An added disadvantage could be mentioned as an example i.e. A customer interested to buy M S sportswear ( if they had it ) might have been interested in buying some gift at the same time because of the presence of sufficient variety, which could have made it extra revenues . However as they dont have sportswear, they are losing on a good opportunity for revenue. Opportunities In order to make profit, M S consider social rethinking as majority of people are getting conscious for natures significance nowadays. TO aim for Long Term success, M S could earn a reputation as a socially conscious firm by producing with the use of environment friendly raw materials natural fibres. The key to success is uniqueness or individuality. According to the recent researches people are on an average are getting heavier taller. What now can convince people to realize the presence of mind of M S is its Adaptability. Threats The big supermarkets or Discounters, despite of not being present in the same market are potential threat to M S as they sell similar products. These products are offered by them for short duration i.e. at a really cheap price for a couple of weeks. Many people advertently buy these low priced products instead of going for a good quality. This strategy of Hit Run adversely affects the businesses of companies like M S. Michael Porter Five Forces Model Porters five forces is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It draws upon Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. An unattractive industry is one in which the combination of these five forces acts to drive down overall profitability. A very unattractive industry would be one approaching pure competition, in which available profits for all firms are driven down to zero. Three of Porters five forces refer to competition from external sources. The remainder are internal threats. It is useful to use Porters five forces in conjunction with SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). Threat of New Entrants Entering into a New Market needs huge finances to purchase necessary raw machineries, develop new products , hire staves , selling-rooms to build an organized systematic network . Organisations such as Jhon Lewis, Tesco Sainsbury can very easily enter into new markets as the monetary risk for banks are very elevated to assist smaller firms also that they do not have the potential to respond to the defensive attacks of existing firms. Brand Loyalty is no more a threat to new firms, presently, thus making it a threat to M S. Customers use advanced technology to evaluate compare several offers during a short span of time are willing to purchase the cheapest possible product. These Generation X or technology savvy people have been a huge segment targeted by M S, which can be alarming for it. Threat of Substitutes Product substitution Replacement of Firm need to be distinguished while discussing substitution. The decision of a customer to purchase an item then a change in his decision to have another is referred to as Substitution of Product, i.e. A customer might probably buy a jumper if he merely does not like the design of a M S jacket. However, this had no impact to the revenue of M S. Substitution of M S for its competitor is referred to as company replacement. In the example mentioned previously the customer would have bought a new jacket from the competitors of M S. Now this affects the firm revenues. The Bargaining power of the buyers There are several factors on which the power of buyer depends. Unlimited demand is met by countless suppliers in the U.K Retail market. Therefore if the customers are not satisfied they can switch from one company to the other. Because of advanced technical knowledge their age group, the segments of people targeted by M S have adequate earning power. To specify changing demand buyer trends their pattern of spending should be carefully analysed. The customers of M S are mainly based in Britain. If M S turns unsuccessful in the British Market, it cannot compensate it by the revenues in the other markets Marks Spencers Geographical Revenue Region Revenue United Kingdom $ 1,488.6 m Rest of Europe $ 29.6 m North America $ 0.0 Australia $ 4.8 m Middle East $ 8.8 m Asia $ 3.1 m TOTAL $ 1534.9 m Bargaining power of Suppliers Labour costs are high for UK in comparison with that in Eastern Europe, Asia North Africa which is why that several firms have decided to outsource. Therefore there is a pressure on M S to produce high quality products without cutting its costs, however getting the production outsourced can be of great help as cheap labour can be appointed. . Competitive Rivalry An increasing number of foreign retail chains zero in on UK as a starting point to make it big in Europe. Example Giordano , a Hong Kong based clothing retailer is very successful plans to open operate stores in UK for its European expansion . Marks Spencer has been facing the counter-attack by Tesco Sainsbury in the recent past. Debenhams Marks Spencer have spent a lot of money for the development of their online operations. Every possible measure to earn profits should be seemed in an Industry as this where so many firms produce the name products are only identified by their marked labels. Future   Strategic Direction As mentioned earlier we know that M S has a very wide market especially in the UK. It has been successful since decades. The only weakness it has is lack of variety of product offerings in its current market. Using Product Development as its strategic choice will enable M S to produce additional products to cover a wider segment from its existing market. As M S is reputed Brand, the additional products like sportswear will be equally popular. Acceptability or the outcomes of Product Development strategy is another aspect that needs to be measured. If M S adopts the strategy of Product development it will be avoiding the risk of losing its market share . This will increase the value of shareholders assets. Feasibility, now we need to evaluate the relativity of Product Development strategy with the organizational capabilities its resources. Using its present capabilities all M S is supposed to do is to increase its line of products from its production houses. Current capabilities resources will serve he purpose. For future, the aforementioned strategic choice has to be evaluated analysed in terms of suitability, acceptability feasibility. Suitability specifies whether or not the strategy of product development will suffice M S strategic situation. M S being an experienced player can easily access the broad market overview and adapt to the changes in consumer behaviour preferences. This can be a method to add to the benefits of M S in the short long run. To cut costs M S can rely more more steps towards outsourcing its production in underdeveloped or developing Nations without compromising on the Quality of its products. Online participation of M S on a large scale will add advantage to it over its competitors as a huge segment of customers served by M S is technology savvy. The promotion of Quality of M S through Internet can make a difference when it comes to saving its revenues being lost to the mail discounters or cheap supermarket clothing. UKs membership in the European Union is an advantage to M S as it provides an easy format of operation for European companies.

Sustainable Land Management in Latin America Essay -- Environment Envi

Sustainable Land Management in Latin America â€Å"The enthusiastic celebration of indigenous skills can be the basis of alternative strategies of development.† – W.M. Adams Introduction The sustainability of land management practices in developing countries is in question currently as a way to address poverty. Yet, this investigation is often done with the assumption that people in developing countries are acting irresponsibly and their behavior must be corrected by more enlightened conservationists from North America , Europe , and northern Asia . An analysis of the history of different land management practices shows that environmental degradation was often the result of colonial disruption of indigenous peoples. In the 1990 book Green Development by W.M. Adams, sustainable development is defined as practices designed to protect the environment and involve communities in making decisions. Land management practices developed by indigenous communities offer the best chance for sustainable development in Latin America today. Pre-Columbian land management practices in Latin America A diversity of cultures flourished in the Caribbean , Central and South America , before European conquistadors arrived, changing and using the land and resources to feed communities, build cities, raise temples, and govern empires. Land management practices were developed to be specific to their regions over the course of thousands of years in human communities. Prescribed burns were used in the pà ¡ramo of Costa Rica to promote desired kinds of vegetation (Horn, 1998). Raised fields created in the swamps of Mexico, Colombia , and Ecuador yielded large harvests (Atkins, Roberts, and Simmons, 1998) (Yapa, 2003). In the Venezuel... ...ly human fire mastery revealed.† BBC News Online. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3670017.stm Shetler, Jan Bender (2004). â€Å"Sugar and the Industrial Era.†Environmental History Lecture. Goshen College . Sluyter, Andrew (2002). Colonialism and Landscape. Lanham , Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Watts , Sheldon (1999). Epidemic and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Press. Yapa, Kashyapa A. S. (2003, July 1). â€Å"Floodwater Management, The American Way †: Past and Present.† The Diary of a Polit-Eco Tourist. Retrieved November 7, 2004 , from http://kyapa.tripod.com/agengineering/drainage-lowland/drainage.htm Zimmerer, Karl S. And Kenneth R. Young, eds. (1998). Nature's Geography: New Lessons for Conservation in Developing Countries. Madison , Wis. : The University of Wisconsin Press. Sustainable Land Management in Latin America Essay -- Environment Envi Sustainable Land Management in Latin America â€Å"The enthusiastic celebration of indigenous skills can be the basis of alternative strategies of development.† – W.M. Adams Introduction The sustainability of land management practices in developing countries is in question currently as a way to address poverty. Yet, this investigation is often done with the assumption that people in developing countries are acting irresponsibly and their behavior must be corrected by more enlightened conservationists from North America , Europe , and northern Asia . An analysis of the history of different land management practices shows that environmental degradation was often the result of colonial disruption of indigenous peoples. In the 1990 book Green Development by W.M. Adams, sustainable development is defined as practices designed to protect the environment and involve communities in making decisions. Land management practices developed by indigenous communities offer the best chance for sustainable development in Latin America today. Pre-Columbian land management practices in Latin America A diversity of cultures flourished in the Caribbean , Central and South America , before European conquistadors arrived, changing and using the land and resources to feed communities, build cities, raise temples, and govern empires. Land management practices were developed to be specific to their regions over the course of thousands of years in human communities. Prescribed burns were used in the pà ¡ramo of Costa Rica to promote desired kinds of vegetation (Horn, 1998). Raised fields created in the swamps of Mexico, Colombia , and Ecuador yielded large harvests (Atkins, Roberts, and Simmons, 1998) (Yapa, 2003). In the Venezuel... ...ly human fire mastery revealed.† BBC News Online. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3670017.stm Shetler, Jan Bender (2004). â€Å"Sugar and the Industrial Era.†Environmental History Lecture. Goshen College . Sluyter, Andrew (2002). Colonialism and Landscape. Lanham , Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Watts , Sheldon (1999). Epidemic and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Press. Yapa, Kashyapa A. S. (2003, July 1). â€Å"Floodwater Management, The American Way †: Past and Present.† The Diary of a Polit-Eco Tourist. Retrieved November 7, 2004 , from http://kyapa.tripod.com/agengineering/drainage-lowland/drainage.htm Zimmerer, Karl S. And Kenneth R. Young, eds. (1998). Nature's Geography: New Lessons for Conservation in Developing Countries. Madison , Wis. : The University of Wisconsin Press.

La violence scolaire - French Essay :: Papers

La violence scolaire - French Essay La violence scolaire est un problÃÆ' ¨me en France depuis longtemps mais pendant la derniÃÆ' ¨re decade, le nombre de cases de violence ait augmentÃÆ' © considÃÆ' ©rablement. Il y avait eu six plans contre la violence mis en place pendant ce decade mais les faits nÂ’a cessÃÆ' © dÂ’augmenter. Pendant dix ans, la petit dÃÆ' ©liquance de mineurs a augmentÃÆ' © de 79% et la derniÃÆ' ¨re annÃÆ' ©e, 81.362 cases de violence scolaire dans ÃÆ' ©coles ont ÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © rapportÃÆ' ©. Il y a beaucoup de raisons pour la violence qui a devenu si ordinaire dans les ÃÆ' ©coles franÃÆ' §aises. Toujours il y aura des petit disputes entre ÃÆ' ©lÃÆ' ¨ves mais il y a aussi des plus grandes facteurs. Beaucoup des ÃÆ' ©lÃÆ' ¨ves viennent de quartiers trÃÆ' ¨s pauvres et vivent des situations dramatiques, par exemple leur parents sont au chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢mage, ils habitant dans des taudis ou ils subissent le racisme (la nombre de cases de violence racisme a particuliÃÆ' ¨rement augmentÃÆ' © pendant la derniÃÆ' ¨re decade, de pair avec lÂ’augmentation de nombre dÂ’immigrÃÆ' ©s qui entrer en France). Ils nÂ’entrevoient aucune perpective dÂ’avenir donc ils ne comprennent pas pourquoi ils doivent aller au college et ils commencent a le detester. Bien sÃÆ' »r, ÃÆ' §e nÂ’est pas seulement les ÃÆ' ©lÃÆ' ¨ves de situations maux qui sont violentes au collÃÆ' ¨ge, mais les ÃÆ' ©coles avec les nombres plus hauts de cases de violence sont les ÃÆ' ©coles qui situÃÆ' ©s dans les quarties pauvres. LÃÆ'  , les ÃÆ' ©lÃÆ' ¨ves issus de milieux populaires sÂ’y retrouvent en masse. LÂ’ÃÆ' ©cole reproduit donc les inÃÆ' ©galites sociales et cela provoque leur haine et violence quÂ’ils montrent au collÃÆ' ¨ge. Aussi, ces derniÃÆ' ¨res annÃÆ' ©es, lÂ’augmentation de la violence scolaire est allÃÆ' ©e de pair avec la diminution des moyens accordÃÆ' ©s ÃÆ'   lÂ’enseignement. Il y a seulement une simple corrÃÆ' ©lation. LÂ’augmentation du nombre dÂ’ÃÆ' ©lÃÆ' ¨ves par classe, lÂ’impossibilitÃÆ' © dÂ’encore donner une aide individualisÃÆ' ©e auz ÃÆ' ©lÃÆ' ¨ves en difficultÃÆ' © ne peuvent quÂ’accentuer les ÃÆ' ©checs et ÃÆ' ªtre ainsi des gÃÆ' ©nÃÆ' ©rateurs indirects de violence. Bien quÂ’il y eÃÆ' »t beaucoup de plans pour arrÃÆ' ªter la violence scolaire, aucune plan a eu un grand effet.

Plantar Fasciitis As Foot Complaint Health And Social Care Essay

Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common pes ailments. It has been estimated that it affects about one in 10 people at some clip in their life ( Crawford, Atkins, Edwards 2003 ) . Planter Fasciitis is the most occurring diseases in this modern universe. Plantar fasciitis is really common among people. Around 1 in 10 people will acquire plantar fasciitis at some clip in their life. It is most common in people between the ages of 40 to 60 old ages. However, it can happen at any age. It is twice every bit common in adult females as work forces. It is besides common in jocks. ( beginning at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/health/Plantar-Fasciitis.htm ) . Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of infracalcaneal hurting and histories for 11 % to 15 % of all pes ailments that require professional intervention ( Buchbinder 2004 ) . It occurs in about 10 % of people who run on a regular basis. Incidence of this status peaks between the ages of 40 and 60 old ages ( Buch binder 2004 ) , ( Wearing, Smeathers, Urry et al.2006 ) . It is a bilateral ailment in about one tierce of patients ( Buchbinder 2004 ) . Plantar fasciitis is non gender specific and affects about 2 million of the American population per twelvemonth ( Irving, Cook, Menz 2006 ) . The upset is thought to be multifactorial in beginning with factors such as fleshiness, inordinate periods of weightbearing activity and decreased ankle scope of gesture normally suggested to be involved ( Riddle, Pulisic, Pidcoe, Johnson 2003 ) . A broad assortment of direction schemes have been developed to handle the upset. A systematic reappraisal ( Crawford, Thomson 2003 ) identified 26 different conservative interventions that have been recommended for the intervention of plantar heel hurting. Merely heel tablets, orthoses, steroid injections, dark splints and extracorporeal daze wave therapy have been evaluated in randomized tests. Foot orthoses are a common intervention for plantar heel hurting, neve rtheless due to the fabrication procedure, they frequently require a period of a few hebdomads between the initial audience and publishing the devices. As such, short-run interventions such as supportive taping are used to relieve symptoms during this interim period ( Martin JE, Hosch, Goforth, Murff, Lynch, Odom 2001 ) – the low-Dye ( Dye 1939 ) taping technique being one of the most often used. Foot taping, such as low-dye tape, alters the mechanical map of the pes, diminishing emphasis on the plantar facia and later bring forthing symptom alleviation ( Saxelby, Betts, Bygrave 1997 ) . Most research to day of the month has examined the mechanical effects of the tape on the lower limb. Merely one survey done by Saxelby, Betts, Bygrave in 1997 has evaluated the symptom alleviation offered by low-dye tape, but it had little Numberss of participants and did non include a control group. Those tapes which extended up the leg were known as ‘High-Dye ‘ , while those in the pes were named ‘Low-Dye ‘ . It has been used in the direction of an array of pes pathologies, particularly plantar fasciitis, and its effectivity has been discussed by several workers ( Newell1977, Miller 1977, Subotnick 1975, Van Pelt 1989 ) , although to day of the month grounds has tended to be anecdotal. Taping as an intercession or as portion of an intercession for the intervention of plantar fasciitis has been used for at least 70 old ages ( Dye 1939 ) . A systematic reappraisal measuring the efficaciousness of such intervention schemes has non been found. Therefore, it was considered relevant to reexamine the literature. The purpose of this reappraisal will be to see the effectivity of low dye taping in plantar fasciitis. Background: Harmonizing to Haung 1993, the plantar facia is the major construction that supports and maintains the arched alliance of the pes. This aponeurosis maps as a â€Å" bowstring † to keep up the longitudinal arch. Plantar fasciitis develops when insistent weight-bearing emphasis irritates and inflames the tough conjunction tissues along the underside of the pes. The plantation owner facia is a midst, hempen set of connective tissue. Its beginning is the median plantar tubercle of the calcaneum. It runs along the length of the sole of the pes like a fan, being attached at its other terminal to the base of each of the toes. It is a tough, resilient construction that has a figure of critical maps during running and walking: It stabilizes the metatarsal articulations during impact with the land. It acts as a daze absorber for the full leg. It forms the longitudinal arch of the pes and helps to raise the arch to fix it for the ‘take-off ‘ stage of the pace rhythm. The plan tar facia helps keep the complex arch system of the pes and dramas function in one ‘s balance and the assorted stages of pace. The plantar facia consists of a multilayered hempen aponeurosis ( Kwong, Kay, Voner, & A ; White, 1988 ) that originates from the median tubercle of the heelbone.The plantar facia is composed of three major sets, the sidelong, cardinal, and median. The cardinal set is the strongest and thickest. The median and sidelong sets cover the bottom of the kidnapper hallucis and kidnapper digiti minimi musculuss, severally. The fibres of the cardinal set separate into 5 faux pass near the degree of the metatarsal caputs and so attach to the proximal phalanx via the plantar home base of each metatarsophalangeal articulation ( Schepsis, Leach, & A ; Gorzyca, 1991 ) . Injury of this tissue, called as a plantar fasciitis, is one of the most hard to decide. Plantar fasciitis is a localised infl ammatory status of the plantar aponeurosis of the pes and is reported to be the most common cause of inferior heel hurting ( Schepsis, Leach, & A ; Gorzyca, 1991 ) . Plantar fasciitis represents the 4th most common hurt to the lower limb and represent 8 – 10 % of all showing hurts to athleticss clinics. Rehabilitation can be long and frustrating procedure. The usage of forestalling exercising and early acknowledgment of danger signals are critical in the turning away of this hurt. Plantar fasciitis refers to an redness of the plantar facia. The redness in the tissue consequences in some type of hurt to the plantar facia. Typically plantar fasciitis ults from repeated injury to the tissue where it attaches to the heelbone. Harmonizing to souza Plantar fasciitis by and large presents as â€Å" a crisp heel hurting that radiates along the underside of th e interior of the pes. The hurting is frequently worse when acquiring out of bed in the forenoon. Plantar fasciitis is a painful status of the subcalcaneal facet of the pes ensuing from redness or contracture of the deep facia of the sole with or without calcaneal goad. Plantar fasciitis has been used synonymously with the undermentioned footings: Painful heel syndrome Subcalcaneal bursitis Subcalcaneal hurting Runner ‘s heel Medial arch sprain Harmonizing to Baxter, Plantar fasciitis can happen in smugglers or other jocks who repetitively land on the pes. Plantar fasciitis is an overuse hurt whose incidence histories for 10 % of all running hurts ( Am J Sports Med 1991 ) . Another susceptible group is middle-aged people who spend much clip on their pess. More seldom, the facia becomes inflamed after a individual traumatic event, such as landing incorrect after a leap or running a long hill. The huge bulk ( 95 per centum ) will react to conservative attention and non necessitate surgery. Proper intervention is necessary, nevertheless, to let for continued engagement in athleticss and day-to-day activities, and to avoid chronic harm. Hazard factors: Participants in athleticss that involve some grade of running and jumping, e.g. hoops, tennis, step-aerobics, dancing. Non-athletic people who spend much of each twenty-four hours on their pess. It may look in person who all of a sudden becomes more active after a period of comparative inaction. Runing on difficult land increases the hazard, as does an addition in hill preparation. Worn out trainers increase hazard as they lose their daze soaking up belongingss. Fleshiness increases hazard. There is increased emphasis placed through the facia. Other mechanical hazard factors include level pess ( foots planus ) and holding a high arch ( foots cavus ) . Pregnancy is associated with a impermanent and physiological addition in weight. Hormones besides cause relaxation of ligaments, predisposing to level pess. There may be an association with human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) B27 associated spondyloarthropathiesres. History: Harmonizing to Bergmann, Heel hurting with the first few stairss in the forenoon and after a period of remainder is the authoritative symptom of plantar fasciitis. The hurting improves with activity but recurs after drawn-out weight bearing, frequently at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. Normally, the hurting is felt in the forepart and underside of the heel, but as the definition of â€Å" plantar fasciitis † indicates, it can be felt in any part of the underside of the pes where the facia is located. Often, patients report that the hurting is preponderantly in the heel but radiates to the arch. If heel hurting is non present, the diagnosing of plantar fasciitis must be questioned. It is of import to find whether the patient ‘s symptoms are acute or chronic. The acute oncoming of symptoms may propose a calcaneal emphasis break, although this hurt besides may be insidious in oncoming. A history of injury could propose an acute plantar facia tear or rupture. Careful history pickings may propose a ground for the oncoming of hurting, which may include recent weight addition or unusual activity, such as get downing a walking or exercising plan or drawn-out standing. Amis and associates found that 70 % of patients who have plantar fasciitis are corpulent. Ailments of combustion and prickling in the pess or heel or both suggest tarsal tunnel syndrome, compaction of the Baxter nervus, peripheral neuropathy, or sciatica. Assorted intercessions used for plantar fasciitis: In general, plantar fasciitis is a self-limiting status. Unfortunately, the clip until declaration is frequently six to 18 months, which can take to frustration for patients and doctors. Rest was cited by 25 per centum of patients with plantar fasciitis in one survey as the intervention that worked best ( Wolgin, Cook, Mauldin, Graham 1994 ) . It is every bit of import to rectify the jobs that place persons at hazard for plantar fasciitis, such as increased sum of weight-bearing activity, increased strength of activity, difficult walking/running surfaces and worn places. Early acknowledgment and intervention normally lead to a shorter class of intervention every bit good as increased chance of success with conservative intervention steps ( Martin, Irrgang, Conti 1998, Reid 1992 ) . Assorted intervention schemes, including orthoses ( Kwong et al. 1988, Gross et Al. 1984, Goulet et Al. 2002, Lynch et Al. 1988 ) , stretching ( Probe et al. 1999, Powell et Al. 1998, DiGiovanni et Al. 2003, Chandler et Al. 1993, Barry et Al. 2002 ) , taping ( Lynch et al. 1988, Scranton et al. 1982 ) , extracorporeal daze moving ridge therapy ( Boddeker et al. 2001, Buchbinder et Al. 2002 ) , laser therapy ( Basford et al. 1998 ) and drug therapy in the signifier of systemic medicine ( Probe et al. 1999 ) , transdermal injection ( Cunnane et al. 1996, Kamel et Al. 2000, Kane et Al. 1998 ) and topical application ( Gudeman et al. 1997, Japour et Al. 1999 ) have been investigated and have shown variable clinical benefit. Taping can be done in many methods but i am more interested in low-dye tape as it is widely used and so i will be discoursing about that technique in item. LOW-DYE Tape: Low-Dye tape is designed to off-load the plantar facia. It is a short term intervention and its off-loading effects vary from patient to patient. However, as a general regulation leave the tape on for a upper limit of 3 yearss, but some might happen it needs to be replaced more often in order remain effectual. If at anytime the tape is uncomfortable, irritates, causes rubing or pins and acerate leafs it should be removed instantly. The tape required is a 1 inch Zn oxide ( stiff strapping ) , most chemist should stock it. Another topographic point to entree it is from www.simplyfeet.co.uk, look under strapping and for Leukoplast ( 2.5cm ) , its costs about ?2.70p per axial rotation ( which should last for 3-4 applications ) How to use the tape 1. The first tape is applied down the outer and interior boundary line of the pes, repetition 3-4 times. Apply adequate tenseness to avoid the tape wrinkling, it needs to be no tighter. 2. The 2nd tape is applied across the bottom of the foot-starting degree with the mortise joint, use the tape across the pes from the exterior to the interior. Over lap the each strap somewhat and maintain traveling until merely before making the ball of the pes. 3. The concluding tape is a procuring tape-apply a piece of tape across the midfoot, at about where the 2nd taping terminals, apply across the top of the pes, but do non encircle the whole pes, as this will be excessively tight. 4. Initially the tape will experience somewhat tight, but this should ease, if it feels uncomfortable at all-remove instantly. Effectss of Low-Dye tape: Offers support for the median longitudinal arch and reduces pronation ( inward peal of the pes ) . Can be used for any status affected by inordinate pronation – Plantar fasciitis, Tibialis Posterior Tendonopathy/Dysfunction, Sinus tarsi syndrome. Literature reappraisal: PF is considered a self-limiting status. However, the typical declaration clip is anyplace from 6-18 months, sometimes longer ( Young, Rutherford, Niedfeldt 2001 ) which can take to defeat on both the portion of the doctor and patient. Most experts agree that early acknowledgment and intervention of PF leads to a shorter class of intervention and greater chance of success with conservative therapies ( Singh, Angel, Bcntk, Trevino 1997 ) . Of the many intervention options available for PF. one of the most effectual is besides the most cardinal – remainder and turning away of worsening activity provides important alleviation. One survey cited remainder as the intervention that worked best for 25percent of PF patients ( Wolgin M. Cook C. Graham C, Mauldin D 1994 ) . Martin et Al. 2001 compared usage orthoses, nonprescription arch supports, and tenseness dark splints in the intervention of plantar fasciitis. Lynch et Al. compared anti-inflammatory therapy, accommodating therapy an d mechanical therapy in the intervention of plantar fasciitis. There are many conservative interventions that are employed to pull off this syndrome. Scientists at the University of Bridgeport Chiropractic College in Calgary, Alberta, conducted an thorough reappraisal of the literature from 1980 to March 2005 on the direction of plantar fasciitis. They concluded that due to legion methodological defects, none of the 15 randomised controlled tests showed once and for all which conservative intervention mode was best for plantar fasciitis ( JCCA ) . Contrast baths ‘ , in which the application of cold and heat to an injured country is alternated, are popularly believed to cut down hydrops ( tissue swelling ) and alleviate uncomfortableness following an hurt ( Sullivan and Anderson 2000 ) . Care of the Young Athlete American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. A spiller of the scientific literature on this subject utilizing Medline exposed merely two articles in this country, and one of the articles was anecdotal in nature, with no strict, controlled testing of the efficaciousness of contrast baths. The other journal article described research carried out at the University of North Carolina in which 30 topics with post-acute sprained mortise joints were assigned to either a cold ( n = 10 ) , heat ( n = 10 ) , or contrast-bath ( n = 10 ) intervention group ( ‘Comparison of Three Treatment Procedures for Minimizing Ankle Sprain Swelling ‘ , Physical Therapy, Vol 68 ( 7 ) , pp1072-1076, 1988 ) . Volumetric measurings of the topics ‘ mortise joints were made in a specially constructed armored combat vehicle, before and after intervention. An addition in the sum of hydrops was really observed with all three interventions, but cold application was associated with the least measure of swelling ; contrast baths were no better than the direct application of heat when it came to commanding swelling. This survey is slightly flawed, since there were no co ntrol persons with whom the individuals using the assorted interventions could be compared. However, the research suggests that there is nil peculiarly advantageous about contrast baths ( particularly when compared with the application of nil but cold ) in the intervention of sprained mortise joints or hydrops in general. Interestingly plenty, there besides does non look to be a individual survey in the scientific literature associating contrast baths with quicker recovery from hurt or with a important lessening in hurting associated with an hurt. Compression is thought to be utile in this stage through tape of the pes. However, while common pattern, there were no surveies found to back up or rebut this claim. But still many researches are being done on utilizing taping presents. Scherer and the Biomechanics Graduate Research Group for 1998 performed a prospective survey in which they treated 73 patients with 118 painful heels with tape, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs, injections, and stiff orthoses ( 98 % received these orthoses ) . The survey showed that, within 6 hebdomads, about 84 % of the patients had at least 80 % alleviation of symptoms. This survey besides identified a subgroup of 43 heels ( 27patients ) that received merely mechanical therapy with taping or orthoses. Of this group, 90 % had more than 80 % alleviation of symptoms. The writer concluded that mechanical control of midtarsal articulation was the most successful intervention mode for plantar fasciitis. In the recovery stage of rehabilitation, the end is to cut down emphasis on the plantar facia ( J M. ) . Orthotic shoe inserts are thought to supply emphasis alleviation and back up the plantar facia, but a reappraisal of several surveies found them to be inconclusive and contradictory due to methodology, little survey size, or deficiency of long-run followup. There are many conservative interventions which can give better alleviation such as: Frost: Ice massage for over 15 proceedingss for three times a twenty-four hours can give better consequences and diminish the redness. Stretching Heel lifts Supportive places Weight loss Taping Orthotics: Devicess such as gum elastic heel cups, elastic heel inserts can supply alleviation for plantar fasciitis. Night splints: Splints can supply alleviate from plantar fasciitis, but it normally takes more than 12 hebdomads. In an effort to measure the effects of ‘Low-Dye ‘ taping on the pes, eight patients ( nine pess ) with plantar fasciitis were studied utilizing the pedobarograph to look into alterations in pace forms. In add-on, patients completed a questionnaire to measure symptom betterment. Significant alterations between the unfilmed and taped pes were found in regard of force per unit area degrees, countries under the force per unit area clip curves and temporal parametric quantities. The questionnaire revealed subjective betterments in symptoms in eight out of the nine pess studied ( Saxelby, Betts and Bygrave 2004 ) . This article reveals that taping technique can better pace to some extent. The best manner to forestall plantar fasciitis is to understate your hazard factors. Follow the guidelines outlined above for choosing suited and well-constructed places. Progress preparation agendas suitably and work in new environments easy. Keep your calf musculuss strong. Although plantar fasciitis is a prevalent job, small scientific grounds exists refering the most appropriate intercession ( Crawford, Atkins, Edwards 2002 ) . In the book by Rose Macdonald ( 2009 ) , named â€Å" Pocketbook of Taping Techniques By Rose Macdonald † , Functional tape is now recognised as a accomplishment which is indispensable for those involved in the intervention and rehabilitation of athleticss hurts and many other conditions such as musculus instabilities, unstable articulations and nervous control. It incorporates all the basic techniques vital to the pattern of good taping but besides includes chapters on new evidence-based processs written by experts from around the universe. To assistance in the development of these techniques, this pocketbook demonstrates many new methods which may be used as indicated or modified to accommodate the clinical state of affairs. The Key Features in the book are Structured by organic structure part with highly-illustrated descriptions of relevant taping techniques Covers all facets of functional taping New techniques to change musculus activity and proprioception based on scientific grounds. Handy, portable size for easy mention in the field The footing for a systematic reappraisal: Harmonizing to Altmann ( 1999 ) , Systematic reappraisals, in health care, have been described as supplying nonsubjective overviews of all the grounds presently available on a peculiar subject of involvement. Such overviews cover clinical tests in order to set up where effects of health care are consistent and where they may change. This is achieved through the usage of explicit, systematic methods aimed at restricting systematic mistake ( prejudice ) and cut downing the opportunity of consequence ( Higgins and Green 2006 ) . Methodology: Systematic literature reappraisals are a method of doing sense of big organic structures of information, and a agency of lending to the replies to inquiries about what works and what does not- and many other types of inquiry excessively ( Petticrew and Roberts 2006 ) . They are a method of mapping out countries of uncertainness, and placing where small or no relevant research has been done, but where new surveies are needed. Systematic reappraisals are literature reappraisals that adhere closely to a set of scientific methods that explicitly aim to restrict systematic mistake ( prejudice ) , chiefly by trying to place, appraise and synthesise all relevant surveies in order to reply a peculiar inquiry. Definition of systematic reappraisal: A reappraisal that strives to comprehensive identify, appraise, and synthesise all the relevant surveies on a given subject. Systematic reappraisals are frequently used to prove merely a individual hypothesis, or a series of related hypotheses ( Petticrew and Roberts 2006 ) . Systematic reappraisals provide information about the effectivity of intercessions by placing, measuring, and summarizing the consequences of otherwise unwieldy measures of research ( Light and Pillemer 1984, Mulrow 1994 ) . A reappraisal of the grounds on a clearly formulated inquiry that uses systematic and expressed methods to place, choose and critically measure relevant primary research, and to pull out and analyze informations from the surveies that are included in the reappraisal. Statistical methods ( meta-analysis ) may or may non be used. Systematic reappraisals are defined, harmonizing to the Cochrane coaction, as scientific literature reviews aimed at replying clearly formulated inquiries by usage of systematic and expressed methods for identifying, selecting, and critically measuring relevant research, and for roll uping and analyzing informations from the literature included in the reappraisal ( The Cochrane coaction. During a systematic reappraisal, meta-analysis may be used as a statistical tool for analyzing and summarizing the consequences of the included surveies ( Green and Higgins 2005 ) . In order to carry through this map, a systematic reappraisal should: ( I ) present a synthesis of the acquired cognition sing one peculiar clinical inquiry derived from all relevant surveies that are identifiable at one point in clip, ( two ) identify the degree of internal cogency and the subsequent possible systematic mistake hazard associated with the acquired cognition and ( three ) provide recommendations for bettering any identified defect related to internal cogency, for farther research. Owing to go on farther research, systematic reappraisals should besides supply continued updates of their synthesis Quality appraisal: The procedure of measuring the methods and consequences of each survey is frequently referred to as critical assessment, and sometimes as â€Å" measuring survey quality † . In a systematic reappraisal, this exercising aims to find whether the survey is equal for replying the inquiry. Measuring survey quality ( Petticrew and Roberts 2006 ) is frequently used as a stenography to intend â€Å" internal cogency † – that is, the extent to which a survey is free from the chief methodological prejudices ( such as choice prejudice, response prejudice, abrasion prejudice, and observer prejudice ) . Critical assessment of the methodological quality of primary surveies is an indispensable characteristic of systematic reappraisals ( Juni, Altman and Matthias 2001 ) . As a consequence this chapter will see the quality of each of the included surveies through the procedure known as quality appraisal. Any identified reappraisals should be critically appraised for quality utilizing a checklist ( Greenhalgh 1997, Oxman and Guyatt 1988 ) . In general, a good reappraisal should concentrate on chiseled inquiries and the reappraisal methodological analysis should be geared towards obtaining a valid reply. The referees should do a significant attempt to seek for all the literature relevant to the inquiry. The standard for choosing or rejecting surveies should be appropriate so that the included surveies are utile in straight turn toing the inquiry. In add-on, the methodological criterion of these surveies should be high plenty to do the proviso of a valid reply more likely. The procedure of measuring survey relevancy and quality should be unbiased, consistent and transparent. If these procedures are non good documented, assurance in the consequences and illations of a reappraisal is weakened. The reappraisal should clearly expose the consequences of all included surveies foregrounding an y similarities or differences between surveies and research the grounds for any fluctuations. In visible radiation of these consequences, and sing the populations, intercessions and results covered by the reappraisal, it should be possible to do a opinion about the pertinence and value of the reappraisal ‘s findings. Systematic Review Procedure: Scoping reappraisal: A scoping reappraisal involves a hunt of the literature to find what kinds of surveies turn toing the systematic reappraisal inquiry have been carried out, where they are published, in which databases they have been indexed, what sorts of results they have assessed, and in which populations ( Petticrew and Roberts 2006 ) . It may include restricted hunts across a limited figure of cardinal databases, limited to a certain clip period, and possibly restricted by linguistic communication. This can assist be a reappraisal for the intent of pulling up a support proposal, and can assist with gauging how long it is likely to take, and what mix of accomplishments might be needed to transport it out. From the below systematic reappraisal on effectivity of low dye taping in the direction of plantar fasciitis we can see that one relevant survey has been found which involves effectivity of taping in the direction of plantar fasciitis but that differs from the current systematic reappraisal as it did non affect low dye taping which is the cardinal factor of the undergoing reappraisal and this reappraisal is based on lone effectivity of low dye taping and non taping in broader context. Study Selection Criteria: The purpose of survey choice is to place those articles that help to reply the inquiries being addressed by the reappraisal. It is of import that this choice of articles is free from prejudices, which occur when the determination to include or except certain surveies may be affected by pre-formed sentiments ( IOxman and Stachenko 1992, Slavin 1995, Goodman 1993, Clarke and Oxman 2000, Cooper and Ribble 1989, Oxman and Guyatt 1993 ) . It is indispensable that determinations about the inclusion or exclusion of surveies are made harmonizing to predetermined written standards stated in the protocol. Both inclusion and exclusion standards should follow logically from the reappraisal inquiry. If the reappraisal aims to reply a inquiry about effectivity, the inquiry can be framed utilizing a theoretical account called PICO-Population, intercession, comparing, result ( Booth and Fry-Smith 2005 ) . The reappraisal inquiry in this systematic reappraisal will be is low dye taping effectual in the direction of plantar fasciitis? Inclusion Standards: This involves the key points which will be involved while carry oning the systematic reappraisal. Population: Patients holding plantar fasciitis. Adults age 18 and supra. Study designs: Randomised controlled tests quasi-randomised controlled tests Controlled tests Intervention: Low -dye tape. Comparisons: No intervention Orthoses Injections Medicines Ultrasound Results: Primary results: Pain alleviation. Gait betterment Secondary results: Relieve force per unit area points. Reduce swelling if present. Exclusion Standards: This include the points which will be excluded while carry oning the systematic reappraisal. Population: Patients holding other heel strivings or any abnormalcy like limb length disagreement and disablement. And patients who do non come in big age group for illustration kids. Intervention: Other types of taping similar high dye taping and many more. Results: Merely surveies that meet all of the inclusion standards and none of the exclusion standards should be included in a reappraisal. The standards should be piloted to look into that they can be faithfully interpreted and that they classify the surveies suitably. As the inclusion standards finally determine which surveies will be included in the reappraisal, it is inevitable that argument and treatment will take topographic point as to how wide or narrow these standards should be. The pertinence of the consequences of the reappraisal may be reduced when standards are narrowly defined. Identifying the Relevant Literature: The purpose of the hunt is to bring forth as comprehensive a list as possible of primary surveies, both published and unpublished, which may be suited for replying the inquiries posed in the reappraisal ( Goodman 1993, Clarke and Oxman 2000, Counsell 1999 ) . Designation of relevant surveies by a thorough, indifferent hunt scheme is important. This is because the cogency of the reappraisal findings is straight related to the fullness of the hunt used to capture the relevant surveies. The thoroughness of the literature hunt is one factor that distinguishes systematic reappraisals from traditional reappraisals. It is besides of import to guarantee that the procedure of placing surveies is as thorough and indifferent as possible ( Easterbrook 1991 ) . There are many beginnings of information to see, but a hunt of electronic databases is frequently the chief starting point. Accoridng to Dickersin ( 1990 ) , Dickersin, Min and Meinert ( 1992 ) , a scope of cultural, academic, personal and editorial factors play a function in the publication or non-publication of research. As most of the esteemed diaries use English, there may be a inclination for the publication of studies in English by research workers whose first linguistic communication is non English to be linked to the significance of survey consequences ( Egger, Zellweger-Zahner, Schneider, Junker, Lengeler, and Antes 1997 ) . It is of import to be cognizant of the scope of possible prejudices ( Egger and Smith 1998 ) , and to utilize a assortment of hunt methods ( both computerised and manual ) to guarantee as comprehensive and unbiased a hunt as possible. Generating a hunt scheme: It should be clear from the reappraisal inquiry and from the inclusion/exclusion standards what types of surveies need to be identified. Effective searching is a accomplishment and it is extremely desirable to affect an information expert who can plan and put to death sensitive ( and perchance complex ) hunt schemes. Some cardinal beginnings of published and on-going reappraisals The Cochrane Library It has three databases of published and on-going systematic reappraisals: aˆ? The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( CDSR ) Contains the full text of on a regular basis updated systematic reappraisals of the effects of wellness attention carried out by the Cochrane Collaboration, plus protocols for reappraisals presently in readying. aˆ? Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness ( DARE ) Critical assessments of systematic reappraisals non published in the CDSR. These reappraisals are identified by regular searching of bibliographic databases, manus searching of cardinal major medical diaries, and by scanning gray literature. ( DARE is besides available free at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd ) aˆ? Health Technology Assessment ( HTA ) Database Abstractions of completed engineering appraisals and ongoing undertakings being conducted by members of the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment ( INAHTA ) and other health care engineering bureaus. ( The database is besides available free at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd ) Selected Internet sites and indexes ( concentrating on clinical effectivity ) aˆ? TRIP – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tripdatabase.com aˆ? Health services/technology appraisal text ( HSTAT ) – hypertext transfer protocol: //text.nlm.nih.gov/ aˆ? National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk/ aˆ? ARIF assessments – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bham.ac.uk/arif/enqscomp.htm aˆ? NICE assessments – hypertext transfer protocol: //nice.org.uk/nice-web/cat.asp? c=153 aˆ? SIGN guidelines – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.show.scot.nhs.uk/sign/home.htm General databases aˆ? MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycLIT and others Research workers aˆ? Personal contact with experts in the field Research in advancement aˆ? National Research Register ( NRR ) – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.update-software.com/national/nrrframe. Html. The development of a hunt scheme is an iterative procedure: one effort will seldom bring forth the concluding scheme. Schemes are built up from: a series of test hunts ; treatments of the consequences of those hunts within the reappraisal squad ; and audience with experts in the field to guarantee that all possible relevant hunt footings are covered. Harmonizing to Petticrew and Roberts 2006, the properties of a hunt scheme can be described in footings of sensitiveness or callback ( ability to place relevant articles ) , and specificity or preciseness ( ability to except irrelevant articles ) . Searches with high sensitiveness tend to hold low specificity, in that a big proportion of articles they retrieve are non relevant to the inquiry posed. Sensitivity ( callback ) Sensitivity is the proportion of relevant articles identified by a hunt scheme expressed as a per centum of all relevant articles on a given subject. It is a step of the fullness of a hunt method, i.e. its ability to place all relevant articles on a given subject. Highly sensitive schemes tend to hold low degrees of preciseness and frailty versa. Specificity ( preciseness ) Preciseness is the proportion of relevant articles identified by a hunt scheme expressed as a per centum of all articles ( relevant and irrelevant ) identified by that method. It is a step of the ability of a hunt to except irrelevant articles. Searchs for relevant surveies can be undertaken ab initio utilizing electronic databases ( see below ) , but this alone is deficient. A thorough hunt will normally include hunts in a figure of beginnings of relevant literature. Beginnings of research grounds aˆ? Electronic bibliographic databases aˆ? Reference lists from relevant primary and reappraisal articles aˆ? Diaries, gray literature and conference proceedings aˆ? Research registries aˆ? Research workers and makers aˆ? The Internet. Constructing an effectual combination of hunt footings for seeking electronic databases requires a structured attack. One such attack involves interrupting down the reappraisal inquiry into ‘facets ‘ , such as population, intercessions, results and survey designs ( Counsell 1998 ) . The hunt term used for this systematic reappraisal were as follows: Low-dye taping Plantar fasciitis Management of plantar fasciitis Taping in Plantar fasciitis Effectiveness of taping in plantar fasciitis The group of hunt footings covering each aspect of the reappraisal inquiry should include a scope of textwords ( free text ) in the rubric and abstract of surveies every bit good as any available capable indexing footings that are assigned by the database manufacturer. The concluding hunt schemes will be developed by an iterative procedure in which groups of footings are used, possibly in several substitutions, to place the combination of footings that seems most sensitive in placing relevant surveies. This requires skilled version of hunt schemes based on a cognition of the capable country, the capable headers and the combination of ‘facets ‘ which best gaining control the subject ( Lowe and Barnett 1994 ) . One of import ‘facet ‘ of the hunt scheme can be the survey design ( s ) on which the reappraisal is concentrating, for illustration randomised controlled tests ( RCTs ) . To place published and unpublished RCTs and controlled tests, there are specialist aggregations such as the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register ( CCTR ) and research registries of ongoing tests such as Current Controlled Trials ( Current Controlled Trials Ltd. 2000 ) . Electronic databases: Electronic databases typically contain bibliographic inside informations and ( often ) abstracts of published stuff every bit good as thesaurus-derived indexing footings, which can be used to seek for relevant articles. There are many potentially utile databases and ushers to databases which can be consulted ( Lyon 1991, Armstrong 1993 ) . Some of import databases of research grounds: Medline Bibliographic records and abstracts of biomedical literature from 1966 onwards. EMBASE Records of biomedical literature from 1974 onwards. CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature ) Records of literature on all facets of nursing and allied wellness subjects. PsycInfo Records of research in psychological science and related behavioural and societal scientific disciplines from 1967.Selected databases with a specific focal pointCCTR ( The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register ) Records of randomised controlled tests and controlled clinical tests in health care identified through the work of the Cochrane Collaboration including big Numberss of records from MEDLINE and EMBASE every bit good as much stuff non covered by these databases. NHS EED ( NHS Economic Evaluation Database ) Structured abstracts of economic ratings of wellness attention intercessions identified by regular searching of bibliographic databases, and manus searching of cardinal diaries. Conference Papers Index Records of conference presentations. Pedro: The physical therapy grounds database. General medical databases such as MEDLINE and EMBASE can be a helpful get downing point in developing a hunt scheme. These databases cover many of the same diaries and the extent of the convergence has been estimated to be about 34 % ( Smith, Darzins, Quinn and Heller 1992 ) .